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'I had to call… I was pot committed!'
One of the more commonly uttered justifications for suspect decisions in poker is for players to claim they were 'pot committed' in a hand when in they really weren't. It's a concept many think they understand, but sometimes they misapply it or are mistaken. But it's one well worth learning, particularly when playing 'big bet' games like no-limit hold'em and pot-limit Omaha in which bets on successive streets can quickly transform a small skirmish into major melee.
The Point of No Return
Generally speaking, being pot committed means having arrived at a point in a poker hand at which folding to any bet or raise has become an incorrect play. Such a situation is determined by pot odds and how those odds compare to your chances of winning a hand.
It isn't exactly the same, but being pot committed is sometimes likened to reaching a kind of 'point of no return' such as might arise other contexts. Take the situation of opposing factions building toward conflict who make declarations suggesting a particular action or advancement necessarily removes peaceful alternatives. For example, when Julius Caesar led a legion southward toward Rome and crossed the Rubicon river, that action signaled an inexorable commitment to war, with the phrase 'crossing the Rubicon' later coming to represent just such a commitment.
Military strategists have long discussed the 'Rubicon' example and the mindset it represents, in particular the way committing to such an action necessarily reduces options going forward, including the one to avoid conflict altogether. A possible consequence of such thinking can be false rationalizations to support the decision after the fact — that is, after crossing the 'Rubicon' (or some other 'point of no return') to avoid considering alternatives thereafter that might still exist but have been ruled out by the earlier-declared commitment.
In poker, players sometimes mistakenly describe themselves as having been 'pot committed' as a justification for going all the way with a hand when they didn't actually have to do so. Betting chips early in a hand sometimes makes it more difficult for some players to fold later on and concede losing those chips they've bet. Thus any bet or raise or call they make becomes justification for committing to battle for a pot to the very end.. even if their opponent has assembled a much stronger 'army' against them.
But just as in military strategy, it is generally not desirable in poker to seek situations in which you lessen your available options. Players in tournaments prefer amassing big stacks precisely because of the flexibility it gives them when playing hands, whereas those with short stacks find their options reduced. The same goes for cash games, in which those with bigger stacks can be more creative than those with less. One shouldn't, then, actively look to become pot committed unless the situation is favorable for doing so — e.g., when holding a strong hand that rates to be better than an opponent's, or when facing pot odds that make committing the rest of one's stack correct.
A Math Problem in Which All Options Have Been Subtracted Away But One
To describe an extreme example, say you lose a big hand early in a full ring (nine-handed) no-limit hold'em tournament that knocks you back to just 1,000 chips at a time when the blinds are 400/800 with a 100 ante. Making matters worse, on the following hand you are in the big blind, meaning you only have 100 left after posting the ante and big blind. A player in middle position then raises and all fold around.
The action is on you. And you hold .
Here is an obvious example of being pot committed. The blinds and antes total 2,100, and after your opponent raises you have but 100 left to call, making the effective stacks between the two of you just 100. That means you are facing calling 100 to win a pot of 2,200 — that's pot odds of 22-to-1.
Even if your opponent holds and has an 88.3% chance of beating you (according to the PokerNews Odds Calculator), that's still just over a 7-to-1 advantage. In other words, mathematically speaking, you're 'priced in' to call no matter what two cards your opponent has. You are, as they say, pot committed.
Of course, you don't have to call. The option to fold is still available to you, even if doing so would be foolhardy given how that would leave you even less likely to recover. But since you genuinely are pot committed, you should.
That's a simple and relatively rare example, though. More often your decisions will be less cut-and-dry, although understanding how to calculate pot odds and thus determine whether or not committing your last chips is mathematically correct will help a great deal when making them.
Having Committed Chips ≠ Being Pot Committed
Do note, however, that being pot committed has to do with pot odds and how they compare to your chances of winning, not with how much of your stack you have already committed in pursuit of winning a pot. In the above example, you are not pot committed because you have already committed 900 chips (the big blind and ante) and have but 100 left. You are pot committed because of the pot odds being offered to you and your chances of winning the hand with .
It is a common mistake to consider committing a high percentage of chips in one's stack already as causing one to be pot committed and thus without options when it comes to deciding what to do with the rest. Those two circumstances often coincide, but you shouldn't believe yourself obligated to put the last of your stack in just because you have already bet a certain amount before.
Again to fashion a somewhat obvious example, let's say I play a hand recklessly and keep calling an opponent's bets all of the way down to the river as I crazily chase a straight draw. I start the hand with 1,000 chips holding and call an opponent's raise to 200. The flop comes and I call another bet of 300. The turn is the , my opponent bets 400, and I call again, leaving myself just 100 chips. Then the river brings the and my opponent bets one more time, enough to put me all in.
I've played the hand miserably, spewing 900 chips from my starting stack of 1,000 chasing that straight. But calling the last 100 here would be even worse. I'm not pot committed because of the chips I've already bet. I might be pot committed if I thought my chance of winning the hand if I called were better than the approximately 20-to-1 pot odds I was facing — but with just five-high, I don't.
Sometimes we do want to be pot committed, say in a tournament in which we are down to a short stack and finally get dealt a premium hand like or . Then we want to get all of our chips in the middle, and thus might bet in a way that increases the likelihood we'll be getting the remainder of our stack in sooner than later.
But generally speaking, unless you know you are getting favorable pot odds given the hand you hold and it's chances of being best, being pot committed isn't desirable. You want to have the option to fold available to you, especially in a tournament when doing so enables you to continue.
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cash game strategytournament strategypot oddsno-limit hold'em
In poker there are good bets and bad bets – the game is simply a way of determining who can tell the difference. This is where the concept of pot odds comes into play. Put simply, pot odds means is there enough in the pot to call a bet.
The fundamental principle of playing a drawing hand in poker is that you need a pot big enough to call. When we have a flush draw or a straight draw we will make our hand on the next card almost 20% of the time (19% for flush and 17% for the straight draw). That is, 20% of the time we will make our desired hand and 80% we won't. The ratio 20 to 80 can be expressed as odds of 4-to-1. Therefore, if the pot is $80 we can almost call a $20 bet to break-even. I say almost because we have to make a profit so, a call of $20 is appropriate when there is more than $80 in the pot.
Know the Odds
You should already know how to calculate odds based upon the number of 'outs'. If you don't know the odds of hitting certain common draws then please go back and study our previous lesson on calculating odds and outs in poker. For the benefit of this lesson we'll include the handy chart below:
Table: Odds and outs from the flop and the turn to the river:
We have created a printable PDF version of the poker drawing odds chart (opens in a new window). You will need Adobe Acrobat on your computer to view it on screen. We recommend you print the chart and be sure to memorize these odds, particularly the common draws – as your time is better spent analyzing your opponents' play rather than attempting to perform mathematical calculations in your head.
Track the Pot Size
Part of the concept of pot odds is to focus on the calculation of how to figure the odds of your hand becoming a winner. The other part of the equation is to know how much is actually in the pot in order to know what odds it is offering you.
If you're playing poker online then the size of the pot should be in clear view at all times – simple! If you're playing poker live then it's as easy as paying attention and using basic arithmetic to know the pot size at every step of the way. All one needs to do is multiply the total amount bet on each street by the number of active players and add that sum to the blinds if they are not participating in the hand. Hold that total in your head and add the subsequent total of the next street's betting and you will always have the pot total available to calculate your pot odds. Here are some critical words of advice: know what is in the pot at all times. How else can you make proper mathematical decisions?
Calculating the Pot Odds
At this stage you should know the odds of hitting your card(s) and the size of the pot. The next step is to know what odds the pot is offering you. The best way to teach you is to use an example hand. Take a look at figure 1, below:
Figure 1
As you can see, we have 9 outs for the nut flush draw, so the odds of hitting our flush on the river are roughly 20% or 4-to-1 odds. There is $450 in the pot, and player 2 bets $150, which now makes the total pot $600. It's going to cost us $150 to win $600. How do we calculate these figures to give us the pot odds? This is fairly simple as 600/150 = 4, so we have 4-to-1 odds for our money.
Koma protocol If purified, suspend sample in PBS or TBS, or other appropriate buffer. Cell lysates or extracts also may be applied to the membrane or filter for detection of cellular proteins. Protein slot blot protocol.
If we want to know the percentage then we add the bet (call amount) to the pot, to give us a total pot figure. In this example it would be: 150 + 600 = 750. Once we have this figure then we would have to perform the following formula: call amount / the total pot size. Best slots at twin river casino. In our example this would be 150 / 750 = 0.2, or 20%.
Now we know the pot odds, should we call or not? In our example we can justify the call as we're getting 4-to-1 pot odds and our odds of hitting and winning is also 4-to-1. But remember it's a break-even call over the long term if we're only counting the flush draw. Ideally we'd want the pot to be a little bigger or their bet to be a little smaller. However, if we believe that hitting either an Ace of King (giving us 6 additional outs) on the river would beat our opponent then we'd have more than enough odds to call the bet.
In poker, whenever the pot odds exceed the odds against making your hand, it pays to keep playing. When the odds against your hand coming in exceed the reward associated with it, it's usually a bad deal. A simple way to think about this is as follows:
- When the prize exceeds the cost, you should call.
- If the cost is more than the money you figure to win, fold.
…did you know that AK flops a flush draw 11% of the time?
The new book Optimizing Ace King has a complete chapter on playing draws (along with chapters on playing pairs, turn & river play, and even ideal lines when AK totally misses the board).
As a bonus for being a Pokerology reader, use code POKEROLOGY at checkout to save $5 when you pick up your copy.
Let's look at another example:
Poker Pot Committed
Figure 2
Here we have a straight and a flush draw, meaning we have 15 possible outs. The odds of hitting one of our outs on the turn is 31.9% or 2.13-to-1. The pot contains $36 ($24 + $12) and it'll cost us $12 to call.
Are we getting enough pot odds to call? Let's do the figures, first in odds….$36 (total pot) / $12 (cost to call) = 3. Expressed as a ratio this would be 3-to-1 odds, meaning we'll win once every 4 times. In percentage terms… the pot odds can be expressed as 25%. Our drawing odds are 31.9%. Since the pot is offering us better odds than our draw, we should call the $12 bet.
Let's continue with this hand example. As you can see in figure 3, we didn't hit on the turn, we check and our opponent then bets $60 into the existing $48 in the pot.
Figure 3
Are we still getting the correct pot odds to call in the hopes of hitting a straight or flush? The answer is no.
The pot odds are now 1.8-to-1 (108 / 60) or 35.7% in percentage terms. Our drawing odds are 2.07-to-1 or 32.6%. Since the pot odds are less than the odds of hitting, in this instance we should fold. To call a bet here we'd need the pot to be a little bigger or our opponents bet to be a little lower. He has priced us out with his overbet.
So, that old feeling we had, 'There is a bunch of money in the pot, I call', was and is a sound tactic. Now we know more precisely when it is profitable and when it is not profitable to go in on draws. Knowing pot odds does two things; it lets us concentrate on the other players and turns poker into a game of skill.
Make Your Opponents Pay
Let's take a quick look at a situation when you're the one with a made hand and you figure one or more of your opponents to be drawing. Understanding the concept of pot odds should help you to determine an appropriate bet size and charge your adversaries for their possible draws.
Imagine raising a bunch of limpers from late position, holding pocket Jacks. The big blind and the three of the original limpers all call your raise and the five of you watch a flop of :
You've hit middle set but there are both straight and flush draws staring at you along with four opponents. There is $86 in the pot and everyone checks to you. You are definitely going to make a continuation bet but you need to decide on how much. Allow me to provide a check list of criteria to think about that as you become more experienced will become so automatic as to not even require any conscious thought.
- Know the pot size – in this case $86.
- Acknowledge the texture of the flop and tendencies of your opponents in terms of potential threats to your holding. Limpers and callers are many times on draws.
- Know the odds to the potential draws the flop offers. In this case both flush and straight draws.
- Make a bet that will not offer the potential draws the correct odds.
- You should bet the size of the pot, $86, in order to make the odds being offered by the pot only 2-to-1 which would not be attractive odds for draws.
If it is true, and I believe it is, that the bulk of your poker profit comes from the mistakes of others rather than you own brilliant play, then identifying opponents that overpay to draw to their hands is critical information. Aside from just playing too many hands, one of the biggest and most expensive mistakes less experienced poker players commit is paying too high a price to try to make their draws. Ferret this information out by tracking the pot and watching showdowns and then you can determine how to manipulate the size of the pot against that opponent in a future hand.
You should already know how to calculate odds based upon the number of 'outs'. If you don't know the odds of hitting certain common draws then please go back and study our previous lesson on calculating odds and outs in poker. For the benefit of this lesson we'll include the handy chart below:
Table: Odds and outs from the flop and the turn to the river:
We have created a printable PDF version of the poker drawing odds chart (opens in a new window). You will need Adobe Acrobat on your computer to view it on screen. We recommend you print the chart and be sure to memorize these odds, particularly the common draws – as your time is better spent analyzing your opponents' play rather than attempting to perform mathematical calculations in your head.
Track the Pot Size
Part of the concept of pot odds is to focus on the calculation of how to figure the odds of your hand becoming a winner. The other part of the equation is to know how much is actually in the pot in order to know what odds it is offering you.
If you're playing poker online then the size of the pot should be in clear view at all times – simple! If you're playing poker live then it's as easy as paying attention and using basic arithmetic to know the pot size at every step of the way. All one needs to do is multiply the total amount bet on each street by the number of active players and add that sum to the blinds if they are not participating in the hand. Hold that total in your head and add the subsequent total of the next street's betting and you will always have the pot total available to calculate your pot odds. Here are some critical words of advice: know what is in the pot at all times. How else can you make proper mathematical decisions?
Calculating the Pot Odds
At this stage you should know the odds of hitting your card(s) and the size of the pot. The next step is to know what odds the pot is offering you. The best way to teach you is to use an example hand. Take a look at figure 1, below:
Figure 1
As you can see, we have 9 outs for the nut flush draw, so the odds of hitting our flush on the river are roughly 20% or 4-to-1 odds. There is $450 in the pot, and player 2 bets $150, which now makes the total pot $600. It's going to cost us $150 to win $600. How do we calculate these figures to give us the pot odds? This is fairly simple as 600/150 = 4, so we have 4-to-1 odds for our money.
Koma protocol If purified, suspend sample in PBS or TBS, or other appropriate buffer. Cell lysates or extracts also may be applied to the membrane or filter for detection of cellular proteins. Protein slot blot protocol.
If we want to know the percentage then we add the bet (call amount) to the pot, to give us a total pot figure. In this example it would be: 150 + 600 = 750. Once we have this figure then we would have to perform the following formula: call amount / the total pot size. Best slots at twin river casino. In our example this would be 150 / 750 = 0.2, or 20%.
Now we know the pot odds, should we call or not? In our example we can justify the call as we're getting 4-to-1 pot odds and our odds of hitting and winning is also 4-to-1. But remember it's a break-even call over the long term if we're only counting the flush draw. Ideally we'd want the pot to be a little bigger or their bet to be a little smaller. However, if we believe that hitting either an Ace of King (giving us 6 additional outs) on the river would beat our opponent then we'd have more than enough odds to call the bet.
In poker, whenever the pot odds exceed the odds against making your hand, it pays to keep playing. When the odds against your hand coming in exceed the reward associated with it, it's usually a bad deal. A simple way to think about this is as follows:
- When the prize exceeds the cost, you should call.
- If the cost is more than the money you figure to win, fold.
…did you know that AK flops a flush draw 11% of the time?
The new book Optimizing Ace King has a complete chapter on playing draws (along with chapters on playing pairs, turn & river play, and even ideal lines when AK totally misses the board).
As a bonus for being a Pokerology reader, use code POKEROLOGY at checkout to save $5 when you pick up your copy.
Let's look at another example:
Poker Pot Committed
Figure 2
Here we have a straight and a flush draw, meaning we have 15 possible outs. The odds of hitting one of our outs on the turn is 31.9% or 2.13-to-1. The pot contains $36 ($24 + $12) and it'll cost us $12 to call.
Are we getting enough pot odds to call? Let's do the figures, first in odds….$36 (total pot) / $12 (cost to call) = 3. Expressed as a ratio this would be 3-to-1 odds, meaning we'll win once every 4 times. In percentage terms… the pot odds can be expressed as 25%. Our drawing odds are 31.9%. Since the pot is offering us better odds than our draw, we should call the $12 bet.
Let's continue with this hand example. As you can see in figure 3, we didn't hit on the turn, we check and our opponent then bets $60 into the existing $48 in the pot.
Figure 3
Are we still getting the correct pot odds to call in the hopes of hitting a straight or flush? The answer is no.
The pot odds are now 1.8-to-1 (108 / 60) or 35.7% in percentage terms. Our drawing odds are 2.07-to-1 or 32.6%. Since the pot odds are less than the odds of hitting, in this instance we should fold. To call a bet here we'd need the pot to be a little bigger or our opponents bet to be a little lower. He has priced us out with his overbet.
So, that old feeling we had, 'There is a bunch of money in the pot, I call', was and is a sound tactic. Now we know more precisely when it is profitable and when it is not profitable to go in on draws. Knowing pot odds does two things; it lets us concentrate on the other players and turns poker into a game of skill.
Make Your Opponents Pay
Let's take a quick look at a situation when you're the one with a made hand and you figure one or more of your opponents to be drawing. Understanding the concept of pot odds should help you to determine an appropriate bet size and charge your adversaries for their possible draws.
Imagine raising a bunch of limpers from late position, holding pocket Jacks. The big blind and the three of the original limpers all call your raise and the five of you watch a flop of :
You've hit middle set but there are both straight and flush draws staring at you along with four opponents. There is $86 in the pot and everyone checks to you. You are definitely going to make a continuation bet but you need to decide on how much. Allow me to provide a check list of criteria to think about that as you become more experienced will become so automatic as to not even require any conscious thought.
- Know the pot size – in this case $86.
- Acknowledge the texture of the flop and tendencies of your opponents in terms of potential threats to your holding. Limpers and callers are many times on draws.
- Know the odds to the potential draws the flop offers. In this case both flush and straight draws.
- Make a bet that will not offer the potential draws the correct odds.
- You should bet the size of the pot, $86, in order to make the odds being offered by the pot only 2-to-1 which would not be attractive odds for draws.
If it is true, and I believe it is, that the bulk of your poker profit comes from the mistakes of others rather than you own brilliant play, then identifying opponents that overpay to draw to their hands is critical information. Aside from just playing too many hands, one of the biggest and most expensive mistakes less experienced poker players commit is paying too high a price to try to make their draws. Ferret this information out by tracking the pot and watching showdowns and then you can determine how to manipulate the size of the pot against that opponent in a future hand.
Implied Odds
This is an extension of pot odds and represents the ratio of the total amount you expect to win if you complete your hand, to the amount you would need to call to continue. Put simply, you don't have the correct odds to call, but if you reason that there's a good chance that your opponent will bet again when you hit your draw, you might be getting the implied odds to call.
While implied odds are an important tool to be aware of, particularly in no limit hold'em, many less disciplined players abuse it by using it as a justification to chase draws that are not getting the proper pot odds. While pot odds can be calculated with total accuracy, calculating implied odds takes some guess work and knowledge of your opponents' tendencies. It's more of an art than a science.
Are your opponents mostly fish?
If yes, they tend to offer a lot of implied odds – but most players leave chips on the table by missing aggression AND using incorrect bet/raise sizes when they hit their hand.
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· Overbetting (Level 2: Postflop)
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Enroll today for just $5 and see how pot odds (along with 100+ other concepts) fit into the entirety of your poker playbook!
Tournament Play
Much of what has been offered so far is beneficial for both cash games and poker tournaments. But you should approach opponents in tournaments that are desperate a little differently. In a cash game, being pot committed doesn't really come into play. The term pot committed simply refers to a player who has half or more of his chips already in the pot so if he loses this pot he is pretty much finished anyway. This player will be calling, not based upon the pot odds, but due to his predicament. Players calling in tournament play without the correct pot odds does not necessarily indicate poor play. Calling may well still represent their best chance mathematically to move forward in the tournament and make some money. Hence the expression, do or die!
The reverse situation relative to pot odds can also occur in tournament play. Imagine being in a situation wherein you have the correct pot odds to call but folding could be the better option to advance. An example of this type of phenomenon would be holding the nut flush draw with one card to come with two other opponents already all-in by a monster stack late in a poker tournament. The pot could be offering you greater than the odds required to make the call mathematically correct but the fact still remains that you will miss your flush 80% of the time. If you were on the bubble with the big stack bully already having two other players all-in and you knew you would only prevail in the hand 20 percent of time – I think a fold would be in order.
Many believe that pot odds aren't nearly as important in tournament play. This is especially true in the lower stake 'fast' events that are typical in both live and internet play. These players focus on the odds of their opponents' calling based upon the size of chip stacks. While some of this is true, if you begin to ignore pot odds because you are in a poker tournament, you will begin to slide down a slippery slope. If you are planning to make a decision that is not in accordance with good pot odds play, you should have a very significant reason.
Put in the Work
Knowing what and how to use pot odds is essential if you wish to become a winning poker player. Learning how to use these concepts to your advantage can put you well ahead of a vast legion of players that are just too lazy to put in the work. They are playing on feel and their gut instincts and proud of it. I'm happy they're proud of this approach because I know they can't be proud of their bankrolls. These 'proud' players are the assets you need in both cash games and tournaments. Let them be proud – you should put in the work – you'll be glad you did as you'll end up with their bankrolls.
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By Tom 'TIME' Leonard
Tom has been writing about poker since 1994 and has played across the USA for over 40 years, playing every game in almost every card room in Atlantic City, California and Las Vegas.
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